Using a bioinformatics approach to generate accurate exploit-based signatures for polymorphic worms

In this paper, we propose Simplified Regular Expression (SRE) signature, which uses multiple sequence alignment techniques, drawn from bioinformatics, in a novel approach to generating more accurate exploit-based signatures. We also provide formal definitions of what is ‘‘a more specific’’ and what is ‘‘the most specific’’ signature for a polymorphic worm and show that the most specific exploit-based signature generation is NP-hard. The approach involves three steps: multiple sequence alignment to reward consecutive substring extractions, noise elimination to remove noise effects, and signature transformation to make the SRE signature compatible with current IDSs. Experiments on a range of polymorphic worms and real-world polymorphic shellcodes show that our bioinformatics approach is noise-tolerant and as that because it extracts more polymorphic worm characters, like one-byte invariants and distance restrictions between invariant bytes, the signatures it generates are more accurate and precise than those generated by some other exploit-based signature generation schemes. a 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.